APDs (avalanche photodiodes) or APDs, are common components in laser-based fiber-optic systems for converting optical data into electrical form. The bias voltage and current measurement requirements ...

FET constant current sources use JFETs and MOSFETs to deliver a load current, which remains constant despite changes in load resistance or supply voltage. A FET constant current source is a type of ...

If you got your start in electronics sometime after 1980 your first project might well have been to light up an LED. Microcontroller projects often light up an LED, too, and a blinking LED is ...

Last time we looked at Spice models of a current sink. We didn’t look at some of the problems involved with a simple sink, and for many practical applications, they are perfectly adequate. However, ...

CMOS current mirrors are pivotal in modern electronic circuitry, providing accurate current replication that is essential for biasing, amplification and active loading in a myriad of integrated ...

This is the first of a two-part series on the processes used to find the short circuit current duties of circuit breakers and fuses. In Part 1, we’ll use a simplified power system to illustrate the ...

H-bridge buck-boost ICs are widely used in applications requiring a constant voltage or current source even when the system ...

There are times when you need to bias a low-current load and simply didn’t want to add another voltage regulator, or where you need a reasonable level of voltage accuracy, so a simple voltage divider ...

The small, battery-powered CPOL polarity checker can be used to carry out measurements anywhere in the installation – both in the current and voltage circuits – without requiring a connection to a ...